Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi, Upper part of the gate tower,

Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi, Upper part of the gate tower,

One of the towers of Damascus Citadel

One of the towers of Damascus Citadel

Previous state, ornamental detail in main façade of the fortified tower north of Bab Antakiya, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.41-a1_Close-up view of ornamental panel

Previous state, ornamental detail in main façade of the fortified tower north of Bab Antakiya, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.41-a4_Close-up view of carved ornamental star

Tower north of Bab Antakiya. Condition after partial collapse

Fig.41-c_Rubble management_Partial collapse of façade in 2019

Destroyed shops on the north side of Jamiʿ an-Nuri (mosque), Homs

Destroyed shops on the north side of Jamiʿ an-Nuri (mosque), Homs

Burj as-Saʿa, general view

Burj as-Saʿa, general view

Burj Alaʾ, southern facade from the inside with the arrow slit

Burj Alaʾ, southern facade from the inside with the arrow slit

Burj as-Saʿa, mechanical clock

Burj as-Saʿa, mechanical clock

Rubble stone with carved Arabic inscription

Rubble stone with carved Arabic inscription in Aleppo

Ceiling ornament, Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm Palace

Ceiling ornament, Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm Palace

A fountain rich in geometric decorations in the northern arcade of the courtyard, Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm Palace

A fountain rich in geometric decorations in the northern arcade of the courtyard, Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm Palace

The northern arcade of the inner courtyard (juwwani), Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm Palace

The northern arcade of the inner courtyard (juwwani), Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm Palace

Courtyard of family wing (so called haramlik or jummwani) in Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm Palace

Courtyard of family wing (so called haramlik or jummwani) in Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm Palace

Citadel of Aleppo, exterior view of the domes of the Hammam

Citadel of Aleppo, exterior view of the domes of the Hammam

Citadel of Aleppo, entrance of the Palace of al-Malik al-ʿAziz Muhammad

Citadel of Aleppo, entrance of the Palace of al-Malik al-ʿAziz Muhammad

General view of Ibn Wardan Palace

General view of Ibn Wardan Palace

Great Mosque, damage mapping

Great Mosque, damage mapping

Great Mosque, Plan of the building parts

Great Mosque, Plan of the building parts

Great Mosque, Plan of the building parts

Great Mosque, Plan of the building parts

Great Mosque, damage mapping

Great Mosque, damage mapping

Bab al-Hadid, inscription beside the door from outside

Bab al-Hadid, inscription beside the door from outside

Bab as-Salam, portal with coloured stone layers (ablaq)

Bab as-Salam, portal with coloured stone layers (ablaq)

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

Courtyard of guest wing (so called selamlik oder barrani), Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm Palace

Courtyard of guest wing (so called selamlik oder barrani), Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm Palace

Damascus, copper workshop in the Straight Street, where "damascening", an old Inlay-technique is still practised

Damascus, copper workshop in the Straight Street, where “damascening”, an old Inlay-technique is still practised

The Straight Street with Roman Arch and Minaret Al-'Umari

The Straight Street with Roman Arch and Minaret Al-‘Umari

Reception hall in al-ʿAzm Palace

Reception hall in al-ʿAzm Palace

View from the portico towards the entrance of dome hall, al-ʿAzm Palace

View from the portico towards the entrance of dome hall, al-ʿAzm Palace

Fountain in al-ʿAzm Palace

Fountain in al-ʿAzm Palace